Cost to Develop and Win Marketing Approval for a New Drug Is $2.6 Billion

Developing a new prescription medicine that gains marketing approval, a process often lasting longer than a decade, is estimated to cost $2,558 million, according to a new study by the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. The $2,558 million figure per approved compound is based on estimated: Average out-of-pocket cost of $1,395 million Time costs (expected...

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Targeted microbubbles in the experimental and clinical setting

TARGETED MICROBUBBLES IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL SETTING Ahmed Alzaraa, M.R.C.S.a,*, Gianpiero Gravante, M.R.C.S., Ph.D.a, Wen Yuan Chung, Ph.D.a, Dhya Al-Leswas, M.R.C.S.a, Morgan Bruno, M.D.b, Ashley R. Dennison, M.R.C.S., M.D.a, David M. Lloyd, M.R.C.S., M.D.a Abstract BACKGROUND: Microbubbles have improved ultrasonography imaging techniques over the...

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Combined endocrine and exocrine tumours of the pancreas

Ahmed Alzaraa*1, Valeri Udom2, Husam Mousa1, Abdulhalem Alzein1, Abduljalil Benhamida1 and Neha Dalal3 Address: 1Department of General Surgery, Tameside General Hospital, Manchester, UK, 2Department of Radiology, Tameside General Hospital,Manchester, UK and 3Department of Histopathology, Tameside General Hospital, Manchester, UK Email: Ahmed Alzaraa* – ahmedwahabf@gmail.com;...

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Coexistence of carcinoma and tuberculosis in one breast

Case report Coexistence of carcinoma and tuberculosis in one breast Ahmed Alzaraa*1 and Neha Dalal2 Abstract Background: The coexistence of breast cancer and tuberculosis is very rare. This can create a dilemma in the diagnosis and treatment as there are no pathognomonic symptoms or signs to distinguish both diseases. Case presentation: A female patient...

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Sebaceous carcinoma of the skin of the breast: a case report

Ahmed Alzaraa*1, Imran Ghafoor1, Andrew Yates2 and Alhad Dhebri1 Abstract Introduction: Sebaceous gland tumours are rare and their presence should be considered as a marker for Muir-Torre Syndrome, alerting to search for an occult malignancy. Case presentation: A 43-year-old Caucasian female patient underwent excision of a sebaceous cyst. Histopathology confirmed...

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Ahmed Alzaraa, Aleksandar Vodovnik3, Hugh Montgomery,Mohammed Saeed and Narinder Sharma Abstract Background: Metastases to the breast from extramammary tumours are uncommon, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the breast is extremely rare. We report a metastasis to the breast from a renal primary with the radiological and histopathological features. Case presentation:...

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