What is an Exosome?

Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all biological fluids, including blood, urine, and cultured medium of cell cultures. The reported diameter of exosomes is between 30 and 100 nm, which is larger than LDL, but much smaller than for example, red blood cells. We asked 10 prominent scientists to share their thoughts...

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Good Clinical Practice GCP

Good clinical practice (GCP) is an international quality standard that is provided by ICH, an international body that defines standards, which governments can transpose into regulations for clinical trials involving human subjects. A similar guideline for clinical trials of medical devices is the international standard ISO 14155, that is valid in the European Union...

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THE TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT

CLINICAL RESEARCH ETHICS: THE TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT The Tuskegee syphilis experiment (/tʌsˈkiːɡiː/) was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama. They were told that they were receiving free health care from...

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Why patient should be randomized

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment, where the people being studied are randomly allocated one or other of the different treatments under study. The RCT is often considered the gold standard for a clinical trial. RCTs are often used to test the efficacy or effectiveness...

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Designing Clinical Trials

Presented by Dr. Brent Logan, PhD, Professor in the Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin. This lecture will provide an overview of study designs and statistical issues in all phases of clinical trials. We will start by describing dose-finding phase I designs, and then will cover phase II designs, including the framework for determining sample size and...

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Database Management

Series of lecture in Database Management Database management systems (DBMS) are computer software applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL,...

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Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Lectures Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, andmedical devices)...

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What Is Cancer? What Causes Cancer?

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood...

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Cohort study…Analytical Study Design in Medical Research(partII)

Cohort studies are observational analytical studies, the word ‘cohort’ is derived from the Latin word ‘cohors’, which means unit. For conducting cohort type of studies, the study population is chosen from general population both exposed to a certain agent suspected for disease development and unexposed to the cause. The population is followed for a longer period of...

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Analytical Study Designs in Medical Research…part(I)

In medical research, it is important for a researcher to know about different analytical studies. The objectives of different analytical studies are different, and each study aims to determine different aspects of a disease(s) such as prevalence, incidence, cause, prognosis, or effect of treatment. Therefore, it is essential to identify the appropriate analytical study...

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